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Michael, also called Saint Michael the Archangel, Archangel Michael and Saint Michael the Taxiarch, is an archangel and the warrior of God in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. The earliest surviving mentions of his name are in third- and second-century BC Jewish works, often but not always apocalyptic, where he is the chief of the angels and archangels, and he is the guardian prince of Israel and is responsible for the care of the Israelites of Biblical Israel. Christianity conserved nearly all the Jewish traditions concerning him, and he is mentioned explicitly in Revelation 12:7–12, where he does battle with Satan, and in the Epistle of Jude, where the archangel and the devil dispute over the body of Moses.
Enoch was instrumental in establishing the pre-eminent place of Michael among the angels and archangels, and in later Jewish works, he is said to be their chief, mediating the Torah (the Law of God), and standing at the right hand of the throne of God. In the traditions of the Qumran community, he defends or leads the people of God in the eschatological (i.e., end-time) battle. In other writings, he is responsible for the care of Israel (and he may be the "one like a son of man" mentioned in Daniel 7:13–14) and the commander of the Heavenly host; he is Israel's advocate contesting Satan's claim to the body of Moses; he intercedes between God and humanity and serves as High Priest in the heavenly sanctuary; and he Psychopomp of the righteous dead to Paradise.
Michael is mentioned by name for the second time in the Epistle of Jude, which is an impassioned plea for the believers to engage in battle against the incursion of the error. In verses 9–10, the author denounces the heretics by contrasting them with the archangel Michael, who, in disputing with Satan over the body of Moses, “did not presume to pronounce the verdict of 'slander' but said, 'The Lᴏʀᴅ punish you!'”
The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, he held a place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel."Yer. Ber. ix. 13a Jeremiah addresses a prayer to him.Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5
The declare that Michael entered into his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said he rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). Some say he was the "one that had escaped" (Genesis ), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from defilement by Abimelech.
Michael prevented Isaac from sacrifice by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved Jacob, while yet in his mother's womb, from death by Samael.Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110 He later prevented Laban from harming Jacob.( Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvi).
The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus and destroyed Sennacherib's army.Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5
Epiphanius of Salamis ( – 403) in his Coptic-Arabic Hexaemeron additionally referred to Michael as a replacement of Satan. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", Studia Orientalia Electronica,
Byzantine tradition attributed two Bosporus-shore sanctuaries of the Archangel Michael to Constantine. The first at Hestia/Anaplous—plausibly in the area of modern Arnavutköy, about 35 stadia by sea and over 70 by land from Constantinople. The second at Sosthenion, commonly identified with modern İstinye. Sozomen is the earliest witness for the Hestia site, while John Malalas places a Michaelion at Sosthenion and embeds it in a foundation legend that repurposes a pre-existing pagan shrine tied to the Argonauts. Later sources often use "Anaplous" for the wider western Bosporus shore, which helps explain why Hestia/Anaplous and Sosthenion are sometimes conflated in the literature. He was Syncretism identified with the attributes of the god Attis in Phrygia and thus associated with pre-Christian healing springs in Phrygia, his main cult site was in .
A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324. This contributed to the standard iconography that developed of the Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon.Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend ; pp. 33–34 The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity; these spread devotions to the Archangel.Anna Jameson (2004), Sacred and Legendary Art ; p. 92
In the fourth century, Saint Basil the Great's homily ( De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος ( archangelos) applied to him in Jude 1:9. Into the sixth century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of Castel Sant'Angelo (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320
In the sixth century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the Western Church was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary. The seventh-century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast "S. Michaelis Archangeli", as did the eighth-century Gregorian Sacramentary. Some of these documents refer to a Basilica Archangeli (no longer extant) on via Salaria in Rome.
The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius, which was widely read as of the sixth century, gave Michael a rank in the hierarchy of angels. Later, in the thirteenth century, others such as Bonaventure believed him to be Prince of the Seraphim, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to Thomas Aquinas ( Summa Theologica Ia. 113.3), he is Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.Even if they are the lowest order of angels, according to Summa Theologica Ia. 113.3, Psalms 90 attributes the guardianship of men to the angels and In Jesus warns not to despise children because "their angels in heaven always see the face of my Father in heaven."
In Roman Catholic teachings, Saint Michael has four main roles or offices. His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of celestial forces in triumphing over the powers of Hell.Donna-Marie O'Boyle, Catholic Saints Prayer Book OSV Publishing, 2008 p. 60 He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the “spiritual warrior”, his conflict with evil taken as “the battle within”.
The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, he is the angel of death, psychopomp of Christians to Heaven. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls on his perfectly balanced scales, a common object he holds in art.
In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also Guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. The names of villages around the Bay of Biscay reflect that history. Moreover, doubtless for the same motive he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.Michael McGrath, Patrons and Protectors. Liturgy Training, 2001. .
Catholic tradition includes also elements such as the Prayer to Saint Michael, which specifically asks the saint to “defend” the faithful from evil.Matthew Bunson, The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church, OSV Publishing, 2001 p. 315Amy Welborn, The Words We Pray. Loyola Press, 2004. , p. 101. The Chaplet of Saint Michael consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.EWTN "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel "
The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times, they are referred to by the term of “Bodiless Powers”. A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) p. 30
Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life, by Ernst Benz (2008) , p. 16 In many Eastern Orthodox Icon, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.
In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael. A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors, by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010), p. 203 Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present, by James Cracraft (2003) , p. 42
In Ukraine, the Archangel Michael is the patron saint of the capital city, Kyiv. He became popular since the time of Prince Vsevolod of Kievan Rus'.
While in the Serbian Orthodox Church Saint Sava has a special role as the establisher of its autocephaly and the largest Belgrade church is devoted to him, the capital Belgrade's Orthodox cathedral, the see church of the patriarch, is devoted to Archangel Michael (in Serbian: Арханђел Михаило / Arhanđel Mihailo).
The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as a saintly intercessor. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic calendar. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity, by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) pp. 27, 117, 147 In Alexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of Paoni. The 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels. Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean, by Nelly Hanna (2002) , p. 226
The of St. Michael's Church, Hamburg and St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim are named for Michael. In Bach's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service in Lutheran churches, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the chorale cantata Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 in 1724, Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19, in 1726 and Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149, in 1728 or 1729.
Like the aforementioned early Christian groups, many Protestant theologians identify a relationship, (e.g. typological or identical), between Michael and Christ in some or all Biblical mentions of the name including:
Martin Luther Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg, Andrew Willet Hermann Witsius In note XLVII, Donald Fraser added, “The same opinion was held by Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce, and others, of former times; and of late, it has been strenuously supported by Bishop Horsley.” W. L. Alexander, Jacobus Ode, Campegius Vitringa, Philip Melanchthon, Hugh Broughton, Franciscus Junius, Hävernick Amandus Polanus, Johannes Oecolampadius, Samuel Horsley, William Kincaid John Calvin Isaac Watts, John Brown, and James Wood.
Charles Spurgeon once stated that Jesus is "the true Michael" and "the only Archangel".
John Gill comments on Jude 9, "'Yet Michael the archangel ...' By whom is meant, not a created angel, but an eternal one, the Lord Jesus Christ ..."
They believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in identifies/refers to Jesus as Michael.
They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1, Revelation 12:7, Revelation 19:14, and Revelation 16 are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's sovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth. Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "Angel of the Lord" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness. Their earliest teachings stated that Archangel Michael was not to be worshipped.
/ref> The verse is understood as a rejection of the claim of the Jews of Medina stating that Gabriel is the enemy of Michael. In hadith and tafsir, the meaning of the term is occasionally interpreted as "ʿabd Allāh"
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In further Islamic literature, Michael is associated with mercy. He asks God for forgiveness for humans and is one of the first angels who obeyed God's orders to bow before Adam.John L. Esposito Oxford Dictionary of Islam
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the Julian calendar celebrate it on what in the Gregorian calendar is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the "Bodiless Powers of Heaven" (i.e. ) as their Supreme Commander (Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers), and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on 6 September. Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 p. 46 The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 2010 by Ken Parry p. 242
In the calendar of the Church of England diocese of Truro, 8 May is the feast of St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of Cornwall. The feast of the Appearing of S. Michael the Archangel is observed by Anglo-Catholics on 8 May. The English Missal for the laity; 3rd ed. London: W. Knott, 1958; pp. 625–627 From medieval times until 1960 it was also observed on that day in the Roman Catholic Church; the feast commemorates the archangel's apparition on Mount Gargano in Italy.Cross & Livingstone (eds.) ODCC; p. 613
In the Coptic Orthodox Church, the main feast day in 12 Hathor and 12 Paoni, and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.
Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels is commemorated on 29 September in ROCOR Western Rite.
Apparition of Saint Michael in 492 on Mount Gargano is commemorated on 8 May and Michaelmas is commemorated on 29 September (Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate).
Dedication of Saint Michael sanctuary Mont Saint-Michel by Saint Aubert of Avranches is commemorated on 16 October.
On 7 April, the Oriental Orthodox Church commemorates the deliverance of Jeremiah from prison by Michael.
Since the victorious Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire and the Patron of the Germans.
In mid- to late fifteenth century, France was one of only four courts in Western Christendom without an order of knighthood. The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520 by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 pp. 427–428 Later in the fifteenth century, Jean Molinet glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."Noted by Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:56. Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first chivalric order of France, the Order of Saint Michael of 1469. In the British honours system, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the Order of St Michael and St George ( see also: Order of Saint Michael). Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 2008
Prior to 1878, the Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic Archconfraternity. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this holy scapular remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.
Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint. Patron Saints by Michael Freze 1992 p. 170 Based on the legend of his eighth-century apparition at Mont Saint-Michel, France, the Archangel is the patron of sailors in this famous sanctuary. After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.
Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the Aralar Range, and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of Navarre and eastern Gipuzkoa, revered by the Basques, shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early twentieth century.]]]]He has been the patron saint of Brussels since the Middle Ages. Netherlandish sculpture 1450–1550 by Paul Williamson 2002 p. 42 The city of Arkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital Kyiv also consider Michael their patron saint and protector. Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 p. 148
In Linlithgow, Scotland, St. Michael has been the patron saint of the town since the thirteenth century, with St. Michael's Parish Church being originally constructed in 1134.
Since the fourteenth century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of Dumfries in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the River Nith.
An Anglican sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the Community of St Michael and All Angels was founded in 1851. All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society) by Susan Mumm 200 p. 48 The Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel (CSMA), also known as the Michaelite Fathers, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of professed religious within the Anglican Church in North America, the North American component of the Anglican realignment movement.
The city of Arkhangelsk, Russia, and the federal subject Arkhangelsk Oblast are named after Michael the Archangel.
In the United States military, Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the 82nd Airborne Division. Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military . Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska. One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the Battle of Saint-Mihiel during World War I.
The beret insignia of the French paratroopers is a winged arm grasping a dagger, representing Saint Michael.
Saint Michael is the patronus of Italian special forces 9° Reggimento "Col Moschin" and the Italian state police. Saint Michael () is patron of Croatian Police and Croatian Army, his feast day being also celebrated as the Police day in Croatia. Svečano obilježen Dan policije i blagdan svetog Mihovila mup.gov.hr. Ministry of Interior. Published 29 September 2022.
According to Legends of the Jews, archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on Earth. The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.Ginzberg, Louis, The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man , (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998,
The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around AD 490 at a secluded hilltop cave on Monte Gargano in Italy gained a following among the Lombards in the immediate period thereafter, and by the eighth century, pilgrims arrived from as far away as England. The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 pp. 10–11 The Tridentine calendar included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the Greece Naples that the Lombards of Manfredonia attributed to Saint Michael. The feast remained in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the revision of Pope John XXIII. The Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.
According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the mausoleum of Hadrian while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope Gregory I the Great (–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum "Castel Sant'Angelo" (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.
According to Normandy legend, Michael is said to have appeared to St Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as Mont Saint-Michel. Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 pp. 55–56 In 960 the Duke of Normandy commissioned a Benedictine abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site. Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 p. 398
A Portugal Carmelites nun, Antónia d'Astónaco, reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael who had told to this devoted Servant of God, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous Chaplet of Saint Michael. This private revelation and prayers were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851.EWTN The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel
From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of the Archangel Michael in the small village of Garabandal, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the Virgin Mary. The Catholic Church has neither approved nor condemned the Garabandal apparitions.Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing p. 267
In Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translation of the mid-thirteenth century The Golden Legend, Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.
The widely reproduced image of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, an icon of the Cretan school, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Gabriel on the right side of Mary and Jesus. Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 p. 188
In many depictions, Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield. The shield may bear the Latin inscription Quis ut Deus or the Greek inscription Christos Dikaios Krites or its initials. He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance. The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early fourth century, when Emperor Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople in AD 324, not far from the Michaelion, a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.
Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan and associated him with the serpent described in the Book of Revelation ()."Constantine and the Christian empire" by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 p. 315 After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent, then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard iconography of the Archangel Michael as a warrior saint.
In less common depiction, Michael holds a pair of scales, weighs the souls of the departed and holds the book of life (as in the Book of Revelation) to show he partakes in the judgment. Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 pp. 141–147 Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.
In Byzantine art, Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the Day of Judgement. Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 pp. 274–276
/ref> As the angel to effectuate God's providence he is also associated with natural phenomena and causes rain upon the lands. The latter function is also attested among modern writers, such as
/ref> Unlike Christian tradition, Michael is rarely portrayed as a warrior-angel, with a few references to the Battle of Badr by
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/ref> He is mentioned in a Shia Islam Dua ( dua), reportedly handed down by the 6th Imam Ja'
/ref>
Bahá'í Faith
The archangel Michael seems to have never been mentioned publicly by Baha'u'llah, 'Abdu'l-Baha, Shoghi Effendi, or even the Universal House of Justice. Bahá'í publications interpreting the Book of Revelation from the New Testament say Baha'u'llah was a chief prince of PersiaThe Logic of The Revelation of St. John|Stephen Beebe|Baháʼí Publishing Trust|2001|pp. 103–104Daniel 10:7–13 foretold as Michael who would win "final victory over the dragon". Or, Michael, "One like God", is thought to be Baha'u'llah, as archangel Michael is thought to be an emanation of Hod or "glory" in Jewish Mysticism The Apocalypse Unsealed|Robert F. Riggs|Philosophical Library, Inc.|1982|pp. 160, 164 – because "Baha'u'llah" means splendor or glory of God.
Gnosticism
In the Secret Book of John, a second-century text found in the Nag Hammadi codices of Gnosticism, Michael is placed in control of the demons who help Yaldabaoth create Adam, along with six others named Uriel, Asmenedas, Saphasatoel, Aarmouriam, Richram, and Amiorps. According to Origen in his work Contra Celsum, Michael was represented as a lion on the Ophite Diagrams.
Feasts
In the General Roman Calendar, the Anglican Calendar of Saints, and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints, the archangel's feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England. Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 p. 105
Patronages and orders
In late medieval Christianity, Michael, together with Saint George, became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.
Legends
Judaism
There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the , to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring Nebuchadnezzar () against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.Amélineau, "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq
According to midrash Genesis Rabbah, Michael saved Hananiah and his companions from the fiery furnace.Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16 Michael was active in the time of Esther: "The more Haman accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8 It was Michael who reminded Ahasuerus that he was Mordecai's debtor;Targum to Esther, vi. 1 and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest John Hyrcanus, promising him assistance.comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3
Christianity
of the Miracle at Chonae, from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai]]The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates the Miracle at Chonae on September 6.Makarios of Simonos Petra, The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church, trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 ), p. 47. The pious legend surrounding the event states that John the Apostle, when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near Lake Salda, where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.Synaxarion, p. 47. Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.Synaxarion, p. 48. The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the fifth- to seventh-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.
in [[Cornwall]], England, that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on St Michael's Mount. According to author Richard Freeman Johnson, this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.''Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend'' by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 p. 68 Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants''Popular Romances of the West of England'' by Robert Hunt 2009 p. 238 and that [[King Arthur]] battled a giant there.''Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland'' by Richard Jones 2006 p. 17
In literature, music, and art
Literature
In the 1667 English epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of Satan. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.John Milton, Paradise Lost 1674 Book VI line 320
Music
Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Praelium Michaelis Archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone, H.410, oratorio for soloists, double chorus, strings and continuo (1683). Praelium Michaelis archangeli factum in coelo cum dracone
Artistic depictions
In Christian art, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as Gabriel. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the eighth century, e.g. the stone casket at Mortain church in France.
mural]]'s standalone depiction]], by Botticini, 1470]] by Hans Memling, 15th century]] –1665]] in the grounds of St Pancras New Church. Plaque inscription: "In memory of the victims of the 7th July 2005 bombings and all victims of violence. 'I will lift up my eyes unto the hills'"]] on the wall of the new Coventry Cathedral, England]]]], 1676 (Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow)]]
Namesake churches
See also
Notes
Citations
Sources
Ann Ball (2025). 087973910X, Our Sunday Visitor. 087973910X
(2025). 9780567082299, A&C Black. ISBN 9780567082299
(1993). 9780199743919, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743919
(1971). 9780802822499, Alban Books. ISBN 9780802822499
(2025). 9781610692175, ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610692175
(1999). 9780802824912, Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802824912
(1999). 9789004116955, Eerdmans. ISBN 9789004116955
Further reading
External links
Categories: Adam And Eve In Mormonism, Angels In The Book Of Enoch, Angels Of Death, Archangels, Archangels In Christianity, Archangels In Islam, Archangels In Judaism, Christian Saints From The New Testament, Christian Saints From The Old Testament, Heroes In Mythology And Legend, Individual Angels, Patron Saints Of France, Quranic Figures, People In The Book Of Revelation
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